Influência do nível socioeconômico sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular / Influence of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular risk factors

São diversificadas e abundantes na literatura mundial, bem como na brasileira, as evidências de que as doenças cardiovasculares e a mortalidade decorrente dessas doenças sejam mais frequentes entre as pessoas de menor nível socioeconômico. Hipertensão arterial, diabetes, hábito de fumar, dislipidemia, obesidade, alcoolismo e estresse psicossocial são mais frequentes em indivíduos de menor nível socioeconômico. Dentre os marcadores de nível socioeconômico, a escolaridade é a que melhor se correlaciona com a frequência e a intensidade dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. O presente trabalho faz uma revisão dos estudos que avaliaram as proposições listadas anteriormente.

There are a general believe that cardiovascular disease affect more rich people: it is not what epidemiological evidences shown. Brazilian and international studies shown that cardiovascular diseases and mortality are more frequent in low socioeconomic status. Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, alcoholism and psychosocial stress are more intense in these people. Among socioeconomic parameters, the years of scholarity have the better correlation with cardiovascular risk. The present paper reviews the studies that evaluate the above propositions.

Avaliação diagnóstica da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica em fase clínica e pré-clínica: [revisão] / Diagnostic evaluation of hipertrophic cardiomyopathy in its clinical and preclinical phases: [review]

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é uma doença de origem genética e caráter familiar, causada por mutações em genes codificantes de proteínas do sarcômero. Determina hipertrofia ventricular esquerda de grau variável, geralmente difusa, com predominante acometimento do septo interventricular. A ocorrência de formas assintomáticas com hipertrofia segmentar, de grau leve ou ausente, dificulta o diagnóstico e o rastreamento de formas familiares. A penetrância elevada costuma ser incompleta, o que faz com que 20 por cento a 30 por cento dos adultos carreadores de mutações gênicas não expressem o fenótipo. A suscetibilidade à morte súbita e a possibilidade de expressão tardia tornam relevante o diagnóstico em fase pré-clínica. A investigação por meio do ecocardiograma Doppler e da ressonância magnética adicionada à análise detalhada do eletrocardiograma pode contribuir nesse processo. O diagnóstico genético-molecular identifica mutações em 60 por cento a 80 por cento dos casos. A complexidade, a demora e o elevado custo, aliados à insuficiente avaliação das relações genótipo/fenótipo restringem sua aplicação de rotina. O aprimoramento dos métodos de imagem e a introdução de técnicas moleculares mais simplificadas devem favorecer o diagnóstico clínico e pré-clínico da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e possibilitar a futura introdução de medidas terapêuticas que possam impedir ou retardar o desenvolvimento da doença.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a familial, genetic disease caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. It is characterized by various deGrees of left ventricular hypertrophy, usually diffuse, predominantly involving the interventricular septum. The asymptomatic forms with mild or no segmental hypertrophy makes it difficult to establish the diagnosis and screening for familial forms. Its high penetrance is often incomplete and, as a result, 20 percent to 30 percent of adults who carry disease-causing gene mutations do not express the phenotype. The susceptibility to sudden death and likelihood of late expression makes establishing a preclinical diagnosis all the more important. The use of Doppler echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging, in conjunction with a detailed ECG analysis, may be useful in this process. Molecular genetic studies can identify mutations in 60 percent to 80 percent of the cases. However, its complex, time-consuming and costly nature, coupled with an inadequate assessment of genotype-phenotype relationships, limits its routine application. Major advances in imaging methods and the introduction of more simplified molecular techniques may contribute to clinical and preclinical diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in addition to allowing implementation of therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay the development of the disease.

Raça e hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo na ausência de hipertensäo e de doenças cardiopulmonares / Race and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the Absence of Hypertension and Cardiopulmonar Diseases

PURPOSE--To analyze the association between black people and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the absence of hypertension and/or other cardiopulmonar disease. METHODS--Data were collected from necropsies carried out in the Anatomopathologic Service (APS). Hospital Edgard Santos from 1970 to 1986, Salvador. It were included only subjects at ages > or = 20 years and free of hypertension and any cardiopulmonar disease. A LV wall > 1.6cm was considered as LVH (standardized criteria of the APS). Controls variables were age, sex, and absence of the mentioned diseases. It was used a case-control epidemiological study design and the association measured by ®odds ratio® (OR) for no matched case-control study. RESULTS--From the 208 subjects studied, 48 (23.1 per cent) had LVH. There was no difference in the frequency of right ventricular hypertrophy between cases and controls (p > 0.05). The mean of heart weight was higher for LVH cases (p < 0.001), but there was no evidence of association between blacks and LVH (OR = 1.05, p > 0.05 and confidence interval at 95 per cent = 0.8, 1.31. The highest odds possible for the association in this study (assuming that all 3 LVH losses were black subjects) would be 1.5, also no statistically significant. CONCLUSION--In the absence of hypertension and other cardiopulmonar diseases, LHV is common in necropsies in Salvador, Brazil, with similar frequencies in blacks, whites and mullatos and seems not be a risk factor for hypertension in black people